Explorers

New World – New Opportunities

About the year 1,000,Vikings sailed from northern Europe to the coast of N. America. From 1250 Europeans took part in religious wars in the Middle East called the crusades. By the 1300s a strong trade grew up between the Europeans and Asia, the Middle East traders had a monopoly. The Europeans wanted to find a water route to Asia so that they could avoid the high costs of the goods changing hands so many times. early 1400s Muslims, known as Ottoman Turks, rose to power. They took over Istanbul, a city at the crossroad of Asia and Europe. Europeans were motivated to find a trading route. early 1400s some countries in Europe began to look for a route around Africa and the Far East trade. They were also looking for the source of African gold. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa and successfully returned to Portugal. Portugal became a leader in world exploration.

During Middle Ages, strong kingdoms in Africa such as Ghana, Mali and Songhai rose to power. They lay at the center of important trade routes - known as the Middle Kingdoms. Gold, salt, ivory, leather, iron and other goods passed through their markets. Islam was spread by Muslim traders.

Interactive map of explorers routes.

http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u2/index.html#top

In 1441, a Portuguese sea captain returned from Africa with captured Africans to be sold as slaves. Within 10 yrs. Portugal became the European center for trade in African goods and slaves. Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner. He was working as a mapmaker in Portugal and asked for the Portuguese to finance a trip to prove his idea that Asia could be reached by sailing directly west from Europe. They REFUSED! A few years later, Spain’s rulers, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand gave him the money he needed to make the trip. In 1492, Columbus led 3 small ships from Spain. They were bound for Asia. After a brief stop in the Canary Islands, they continued on for 5 weeks. Later they came ashore upon an island in the Caribbean Sea now called the Bahamas. Columbus believed he had reached the East Indies. He called the people living there Indians and took some back to Spain as proof of his discovery.

In the late 1400s Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, also explored the Caribbean for Portugal. He believed the lands were part of a new continent. In 1507 a German mapmaker named the lands America in honor of Vespucci.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Rivalry between Spain and Portugal. The Pope was asked to intervene. He divided the land. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew a “Line of Demarcation” around the world. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Lands W belong to Spain – East belong to Portugal.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Line of Demarcation - Pope drew an imaginary line between areas for Spain and Portugal

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- moved the line of Demarcation 800 mi. W <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">area of Brazil now Portugal's

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Treaty of Trodesillas, allowed Portugal to claim Brazil. Much of w. hemisphere claimed by Spaniards for their king.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Prince Henry the Navigator (__1394-1460) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portugese. 3rd son of the king of Portugal. He discovered the Azores, Madiera, and Guinea. The first person to start a school for oceanic navigation. He made Portugal a mecca for shipbuilding. He invited students from around the world to his school.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">//Spanish Exploration// <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Explorers all lived between the late 1400’s and mid 1500’s.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Ponce de Leon__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed for Spain to claim land <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1513 named Florida (full of flowers) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Told by the king of Spain to look for the Fountain of Youth <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">searched for gold/ set up Spanish settlements

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Francisco Vasquez de Coronado__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Spanish explorer - sailed for Spain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Searched for cities of gold. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Beg. in 1540 traveled through what later became the SW area of the U.S.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Hernando de Soto__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">He explored Florida. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">He became wealthy by bringing back gold to Spain. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">He went on several other explorations. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Died and was buried on the banks of the Mississippi River.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Ferdinand Magellan__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">explorer, navigator and cartographer <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portuguese, but sailed for Spain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">wanted to reach Asia by sailing W around S.A. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed underneath S.A. - Magellan Strait named after him. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">He ended up in Philippines where he was killed in a local war. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Magellan's crew became the 1st to sail around the world!

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Francisco Pizarro__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed for Spain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1531 Pizarro encounters and conquered the Incas <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Founded the city of Lima (capital of Peru) in 1535. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Spent many years in Central America.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Vasco Nunez de Balboa__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed for Spain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Traveled across the isthmus of Panama <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">First European to see Pacific Ocean from American shore <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When he got to the shore, he raised his sword and claimed all of the land and the ocean for Spain

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Hernando Cortes__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed for Spain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Conquered the Aztec Empire in MX <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">18 years old when he sailed to the W. Indies <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Served as mayor/judge of Santiago (currently Chile)

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Sir Walter Raleigh__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">English

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Established Roanoke

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Explorer/courtier

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Vasco De Gama__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portugese

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Looked for route to Asia

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (Southern Africa)

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">reached India

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Christopher Columbus__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Italian

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain gave Columbus

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">ships & men to find Asia by sailing West

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Went to Caribbean

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Named natives "Indians" thinking he had reached Asia

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Bartholomeu Dias__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portugese

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Discovered Cape of Good Hope

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Then went to S. America

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1st European to see Brazil

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Sir Walter Raleigh__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">English

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Established Roanoke

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Explorer/courtier

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Vasco De Gama__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portugese

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Looked for route to Asia

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (Southern Africa)

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">reached India

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Christopher Columbus__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Italian

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain gave Columbus

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">ships & men to find Asia by sailing West

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Went to Caribbean

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Named natives "Indians" thinking he had reached Asia

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__Bartholomeu Dias__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Portugese

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Discovered Cape of Good Hope

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Then went to S. America

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1st European to see Brazil

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Reasons for Spanish Victories <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1. The spread of European diseases <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">2. Superior weapons (guns), they were excellent soldiers and sailors. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">3.Native beliefs (thought white man might be a god) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">4. Spaniards made alliances w/ Native Americans who were enemies with the Aztecs and Incas

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">European countries had 3 reasons for exploration <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1. wealth <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">2. expand empire <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">3. spread Christianity through missionaries

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">By the middle of the 1500s Spain's colonial empire included lands in N. America south of the Mississippi, Central America, the Western half of South America and the Philippines.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__The Defeat of the Spanish Armada__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The attacks of Drake and other sea dogs enraged Philip II, the Spanish king. Determined to teach the English a lesson, Philip sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England and restore Catholicism to that nation. This fleet made up of 130 ships, set out for England in the summer of 1588. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The English and Spanish navies met in the English Channel, which separates England from the European continent. In their smaller but faster craft, the English darted among the Spanish warships, firing deadly rounds with their cannons. Confused and crippled, the armada was retreating when it was hit by a severe storm. With half of its ships destroyed, the armada barely made it home. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Spain was still quite strong after the defeat of the armada. It quickly rebuilt its navy and maintained its large colonial possessions. But Spain would never again be as powerful as it was in 1588.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The Dutch and French established colonies and began fur trading.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The Dutch bought Manhattan Island from Native Americans in 1626. They founded the town of New Amsterdam on the site where New York City is currently located.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Know the definitions of the following terms:

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">encomienda <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">hacienda <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Mestizos <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">mission <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">plantations <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">slavery <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">African Diaspora <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">middle passage <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">mercantilism

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">__The Colombian Exchange__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Goods to Europe from Americas: cattle, sheep, grains, coffee beans, diseases <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Goods from Americas to Europe:turkeys, peanuts, potatoes, pumpkins, corn



<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The Spanish and Portuguese used enslaved Africans to provide labor for the following reasons: <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1 - Africans were immune to most European diseases. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">2 - Africans had no friends or family in the Americas to help them resist or escape enslavement <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">3 - Enslaved Africans provided a permanent source of cheap labor. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">4 - Many Africans had worked on farms in their native lands.