Colonies

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Thought colonies would provide a market for English exports and serve as a source for raw materials =====

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Also thought colonies would help plant the Protestant faith in the Americas =====

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Joint-stock companies – backed by investors (people who put money into a project to earn profits). =====

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charter – a written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony =====

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1607 – VA Company of London financed an expedition to the Chesapeake Bay. 100 colonists =====

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1st permanent English settlement: Jamestown in honor of King James I =====

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The company offered a 50-acre land grant for each man, woman or child who could pay his way to the colony. =====

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Indentured servants – free passage to the colony in exchange for working for a number of years =====

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House of Burgesses – 1st representative assembly in the American colonies =====

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Bacon’s Rebellion – and group of landless frontier settlers opposed Governor William Berkely. =====

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They complained about Berkely’s favoritism toward large plantation owners and high taxes =====

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Took control of the House of Burgesses and burned Jamestown to the ground =====

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The House of Burgesses passed laws to prevent a royal governor from assuming such power again. =====

Separatists - religious groups who wanted to purify/separate from the Church of England. Among them: Puritans and Pilgrims

Pilgrims - 100 sailed on the Mayflower for religious freedom Mayflower Compact - agreement to obey rules (1st example of self-governance in the new world) Named their colony: Plymouth

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Richard Hakluyt - English geographer - encouraged England to start a colony

mercantilism - state controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from colonies to the parent country

Hakluyt although thought English colonies would help plant the Protestant faith in the Americas.

joint-stock company - back by investors, people who put money into a project to earn profits

charter - a written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony

1607 - the Virginia Company of London financed an expedition to Chesapeake Bay - included more than 100 colonists.

Named the first permanent English settlement: Jamestown, in honor of King James I hardships: disease, cold, Native Americans(Powhatan), no food

Many died from disease and starvation

Imagine you are a settler in the New World. What would you like to accomplish? What hardships might you face? What would you have brought with you from England to help you in the New World?

__The Pilgrims__ Separatists - didn't want to be a part of the Church of England or the Catholic Church 1st went to Holland Then asked the VA co. if they could settle in America as a "distinct body unto themselves" wanted religious freedom sailed on the Mayflower -landed N. of the lands of the VA co. landed in what they named Plymouth, MA Wrote the Mayflower Compact - a form of self government - emphasized the general good of the colony they also had a "starving time" - 1/2 died from disease and starvation Squanto - part of the Pawtuxets spoke English - helped the Pilgrims by teaching them how to plant, fish and hunt 1st Thanksgiving

__The Puritans__ Also a Separatist group Left England between 1630 - 1640 went to New England 20,000 cross the Atlantic - "Great Migration" They created the Massachusetts Bay Colony They came prepared! governor: John Winthrop commonwealth - a community in which people work together for the good of the whole town meetings - a form of self-government in which people made laws and other decisions for the community Only male church members were allowed to vote By law - everyone had to attend church "New England Way" : emphasized duty, godliness, hard work and honesty. Puritans thought that amusements (dancing, cards, etc.) would lead to laziness From 1630 to 1700 the colony grew to 93,000 people In 1700 William and Mary (king and queen of England) combined the two colonies into one: Massachusetts

__Challenges to Puritan Leaders__ Roger Williams - founded the first Baptist church in America didn't believe in forced church attendance General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony forced him to leave the colony Went to Rhode Island guaranteed religious freedom and separation of church and state

Anne Hutchison believed a person could worship God without the help of a church held discussion in her home seen as a challenge to church authority forced to leave MA fled to Rhode Island

King Philip's War - 1675-76 fought because colonists were taken native's land "King Philip" - leader of Wampanoag He organized an alliance of tribes Natives lost the war, English settlers expanded even further into Native American land

Salem Witch Trials - late 1600's 20 killed - accused of being witches

[]

 Triangle Trade

http://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/00b2802e31.gif

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/images/africa/trade_routes.gif

 THE 13 COLONIES

 New England - Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire  Middle - New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware  Southern - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

 __New England colonies__

 Settled for religious freedom  Rocky soil, long winters  Harvested: fur, fish, whale, trees  Because they didn't have fertile soil, they developed manufacturing

 __Middle colonies__

 Settled for religious reasons and to make money  Lots of different ethic groups (English, Germans, Dutch, Scots Irish)  known as the "Bread Basket"  mild climate  rich soil <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> iron, paper, textiles

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Southern colonies__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settled to make money <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settlers brought their families with them <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Slavery began in 1619 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> rich soil <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> long growing season <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> mild climate <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> tobacco, agriculture, fish forests

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Backcountry__ - Appalachian Mountains Settled by Scots-Irish <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Clanish - only trusted their family members

__Maryland__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1st proprietary colony <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> proprietary - King gave charters of land to rich friends <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1634 - 200 colonists arrived

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> by late 1600's more Protestants than Catholics

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1649 - Intolerant Act: granted freedom of worship to all people who believed in J.C.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Power shifted from Catholics to Protestants

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Soil & climate ideal for farming

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Maine & New Hampshire__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1622 - area given to English citizens who later became proprietors <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> natural resources: lumber, tar, pitch, resin <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1680 changed to a royal colony (1st royal colony in N.A.) - ruled by the king

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Later Colonies__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Civil War in England - 1642 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> King Charles I executed - Parliament took over <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Oliver Cromwell - a Puritan who ruled for 11 yrs. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> No king - no colonies formed <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1658 Cromwell died <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II was appointed King

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __The Carolina Grant__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II granted 8 nobles land in America <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> S VA - N FL <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Northern Carolina settled mostly by people from VA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1693 - rice became important - needed more slaves <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> tobacco became the main crop

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charleston (SC) became an active trading place with other colonies

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> S..C. Became a royal colony in 1719 broke away from proprietors <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1729 N.C. became a royal colony

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __New York and New Jersey__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II gave brother the Duke of York the area from S. Connecticut to MA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Believing the fighting was useless the Dutch let the English take over. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Changed New Amsterdam to New York in honor of the Duke <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Between the Hudson and Delaware rivers the King gave NJ to two friends

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Pennsylvania__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1681 - 17 yrs. after NY and NJ - the colony of Pa was charted <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Given to William Penn - Quaker <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> refused to pay taxes <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Didn't approve of war <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Quakers - Persecuted for their religion <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II - owed Penn's father - gave William Penn area W of Delaware River <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> within 8 yrs. Lots of settlers (11,000) with lots of religions (Catholics, Huguenots, Baptists, Calvinists, Lutherans) settled in PA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Philadelphia - PA's main city - by 1750 busiest city in English colony

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Delaware__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1682 - Penn got a grant from the Duke of York - wanted outlet to ocean <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> DE governed by the leaders of PA for almost 20 yrs. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1701 - they elected their own representative assembly <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> after 1701 DE & PA, separate, but shared a governor

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Georgia__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> last English colony - est. 50 yrs. after PA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> James Oglethorpe, wanted to create a refuge for people who were in English prisons because they could not pay their debts <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1732 - George II granted Oglethorpe a charter for the land between the Savannah River and the FL border <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> colony named Georgia after the king <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> colony grew slowly <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Some debtors refused to work and ran away <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> People spent much time fighting the Spainards. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1752 - the king took over and GA became a royal colony

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> THE 13 COLONIES

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> New England - Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Middle - New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Southern - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __New England colonies__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settled for religious freedom <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Rocky soil, long winters <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Harvested: fur, fish, whale, trees <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Because they didn't have fertile soil, they developed manufacturing

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Middle colonies__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settled for religious reasons and to make money <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Lots of different ethic groups (English, Germans, Dutch, Scots Irish) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> known as the "Bread Basket" <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> mild climate <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> rich soil <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> iron, paper, textiles

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Southern colonies__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settled to make money <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settlers brought their families with them <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Slavery began in 1619 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> rich soil <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> long growing season <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> mild climate <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> tobacco, agriculture, fish forests

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Backcountry__ - Appalachian Mountains

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Settled by Scots-Irish <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Clanish - only trusted their family members

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Maryland__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1st proprietary colony <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> proprietary - King gave charters of land to rich friends <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1634 - 200 colonists arrived

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> by late 1600's more Protestants than Catholics

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1649 - Intolerant Act: granted freedom of worship to all people who believed in J.C.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Power shifted from Catholics to Protestants

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Soil & climate ideal for farming

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Maine & New Hampshire__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1622 - area given to English citizens who later became proprietors <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> natural resources: lumber, tar, pitch, resin <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1680 changed to a royal colony (1st royal colony in N.A.) - ruled by the king

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Later Colonies__ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Civil War in England - 1642 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> King Charles I executed - Parliament took over <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Oliver Cromwell - a Puritan who ruled for 11 yrs. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> No king - no colonies formed <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1658 Cromwell died <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II was appointed King

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __The Carolina Grant__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II granted 8 nobles land in America <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> S VA - N FL <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Northern Carolina settled mostly by people from VA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1693 - rice became important - needed more slaves <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> tobacco became the main crop

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charleston (SC) became an active trading place with other colonies

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> S..C. Became a royal colony in 1719 broke away from proprietors <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1729 N.C. became a royal colony

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __New York and New Jersey__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II gave brother the Duke of York the area from S. Connecticut to MA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Believing the fighting was useless the Dutch let the English take over. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Changed New Amsterdam to New York in honor of the Duke <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Between the Hudson and Delaware rivers the King gave NJ to two friends

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Pennsylvania__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1681 - 17 yrs. after NY and NJ - the colony of Pa was charted <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Given to William Penn - Quaker <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> refused to pay taxes <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Didn't approve of war <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Quakers - Persecuted for their religion <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Charles II - owed Penn's father - gave William Penn area W of Delaware River <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> within 8 yrs. Lots of settlers (11,000) with lots of religions (Catholics, Huguenots, Baptists, Calvinists, Lutherans) settled in PA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Philadelphia - PA's main city - by 1750 busiest city in English colony

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Delaware__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1682 - Penn got a grant from the Duke of York - wanted outlet to ocean <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> DE governed by the leaders of PA for almost 20 yrs. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1701 - they elected their own representative assembly <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> after 1701 DE & PA, separate, but shared a governor

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> __Georgia__

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> last English colony - est. 50 yrs. after PA <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> James Oglethorpe, wanted to create a refuge for people who were in English prisons because they could not pay their debts <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1732 - George II granted Oglethorpe a charter for the land between the Savannah River and the FL border <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> colony named Georgia after the king <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> colony grew slowly <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Some debtors refused to work and ran away <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> People spent much time fighting the Spainards. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> 1752 - the king took over and GA became a royal colony

SLAVERY IN AMERICA Under Queen Elizabeth the 1st, England became a strong country. Exploration to the New World continued. 1700-1750 the population of the English Colonies doubled and then doubled again. Colonies were sending goods to Europe. The British were taxing the colonists. Tyranny – a government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power. “Bacon’s Rebellion” Nathaniel Bacon – an indentured servant. After he served his time, he wanted the government to help government to help indentured servants fight the Indians to get land. Governor Berkeley refused. Bacon and his followers burned down the Jamestown. The governor was recalled. After this indentured servants were allowed to purchase land, but most did not ever compete with large plantation owners. They ended up moving west. Slavery was most rampant in the Southern colonies because of large plantations with lots of agricultural land. 85% of slaves in the British colonies were in the South. 40% of the population of the South were slaves. Indentured servants and African slaves were working side-by-side in the fields. Landowners needed more workers. They tried to enslave the Indians, but they either died of disease or ran away. They were successful in running away, because they knew the land better than those chasing them. In 1665 there were fewer than 500 Africans in the colonies. By 1750 there were 235,000 Africans in the colonies. The elite Planter Class (a small minority) were large land owners and took political and economic power in the South. Cotton, indigo and tobacco were grown. The slaves made the farmers even richer. By 1830 all of the states above MD had agreed to abolish slavery. Overseer- people who were hired by the landowner to watch the slaves and make sure they did the work The Stono rebellion was in 1739 when slaves escaped and killed several white land owners. They eventually were caught by a militia and killed. After this, laws regulating slaves were even more strict. Slaves were not allowed to leave the plantation, or talk to free blacks. Abolitionist – people that wanted to abolish/end slavery By the early 1800’s Congress passed a law that stated that it was illegal to bring in any new slaves. William Lloyd Garrison published “The Liberator” a paper dedicated to bringing freedom to slaves.

Fredrick Douglas – free black man. Wrote and spoke for the cause of freedom for slaves.

Underground railroad – A series of homes and buildings operated by mostly white abolitionists in which slaves traveled in order to get to freedom.

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR In the early part of the eighteenth century, the trans-Appalachian region of North America remained much as it had been for the preceding centuries. Some trappers and backwoodsmen—Frenchmen from Canada and Englishmen from the British colonies—traveled through its woods and rivers, but the principal occupants of the region were Native Americans and a great diversity of wildlife. As the British colonies became more populated and prosperous, their citizens began to look towards the rich lands across the Appalachian mountains as providing new opportunities for settlement and economic growth. The French, who claimed the entire watersheds of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers—which included the Great Lakes and the Ohio River valley—became worried about British encroachments into this region and so they moved to set up a series of forts, including at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and on the Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The British, meanwhile, built their own forts at Oswego and Halifax, the government granted lands in the Ohio Valley to the Ohio Company and adventurous traders set up bases in the region.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was a seven-year-long war between Britain and France. Although fighting began in 1754, the war did not officially begin until 1756. They were fighting for the control of much of North America. This war was a part of a larger war that was going on in Europe. At the beginning of the war, France controlled Canada and the Louisiana Territory. Britain controlled most of the east coast of North America. In one of the first battles of the war, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington and his Virginia troops (fighting for the British) were sent to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to remove the French from their new fort. Washington was defeated by the French, and the French soon controlled the entire region. In 1756, the British began to defeat the French, especially in naval battles. In 1759, General James Wolfe's army defeated the French at Quebec (although both Gen. Wolfe and his French adversary Gen. Montcalm both died during the battle). When the French finally lost the war, the Treaty of Paris (signed on February 10, 1763) gave Britain control of Canada and the French areas east of the Mississippi River. Spain gave Florida to Britain, and received the former French areas west of the Mississippi River. As a result of the war, the English colonists no longer needed the protection of the British against the French, and they became more independent from Britain. This war also resulted in higher taxes paid to Britain. These influences eventually led to the American Revolution.